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Serotonin &
Norephrinephrine
Appetite Suppressants
Phentermine
is chemically similar to amphetamines. Phentermine works as an
appetite suppressant by increasing the activity of the brain
chemicals norephinephrine (noradrenalin) and serotonin. These
chemicals are called neurotransmitters.
Understand how neurotransmitters work.
Pharmacology of norephinephrine and serotonin
These two chemicals are created out of the synthesis of particular
molecules. The synthesis process is carried out thanks to enzymes -
special protein molecules that serve as catalysts, directing
chemical processes in cells. These enzymes control and cause
chemical reactions without becoming a part of the final product -
causing an outcome but not being part of the outcome of the
reaction.
Norephinephrine (Noradrenalin)
Norephinephrine (NE) belongs to a family of compounds called
monoamines. Also included in this class of compounds are dopamine
and serotonin. Both norephinephrine and dopamine belong to a
subclass of monoamines, called catecholamines.
Confusion can sometimes result from the term noradrenalin, due to
the term adrenalin and it's adoption as the proprietary name
Adrenalin by a drug company. Although adrenalin (ephinephrine), like
noradrenalin (norephinephrine), does act as a transmitter substance
in the brain, it is far less important in this role than is
noradrenalin (norephinephrine). Adrenalin is produced by the adrenal
glands - small endocrine glands just above the kidneys.
Norephinephrine is created through the synthesis of precursor
molecules. Each step of this synthesis is controlled by a different
enzyme, and the molecule is modified through each step. Tyrosine
acts as the precursor molecule for both norephinephrine and
dopamine. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid obtained from diet.
Tyrosine becomes L-Dopa after receiving a hydroxyl group (an oxygen
atom and a hydrogen atom) from an enzyme called tyrosine hydroxylase.
From here, L-Dopa loses a carboxyl group (one carbon atom, two
oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom) from the activity of the enzyme
DOPA carboxylase, becoming dopamine. In the last step of the
synthesis, a hydroxyl group is added to dopamine, through the
activity of dopamine (b)-hydroxylase, producing norephinephrine.
The production of the catecholamines dopamine and norephinephrine is
regulated by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO).
Serotonin
Serotonin (5-HT) belongs to a subclass of monoamines called
Indolamines. Serotonin is known to play a role, generally as a
neural inhibitor, in mood regulation, eating behavior, arousal and
sleep and pain regulation.
As with norephinephrine, serotonin is created through the synthesis
of a precursor molecule. The precursor molecule is the amino acid
tryptophan. A hydroxyl group is added through the activity of the
enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, producing 5-hydroxytryphan (5-HTP). A
carboxyl group is removed through the action of the enzyme 5-HTP
decarboxylase, creating 5-HT - serotonin.
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